Individual Notes

Note for: Mary Elizabeth Mayers, 1853 - 1940 Index

Individual Note:
From Tom Blake

Individual Notes

Note for: Mary Evelyn Thornton, 1922 - 1951 Index

Burial:
Place: Greenwood Cem., Hot Springs, AR

Individual Notes

Note for: Lois Louise Thornton, 1921 - 18 Jan 1991 Index

Burial:
Place: Grenwood Cem., Hot Springs, AR

Individual Notes

Note for: Paul Marie Joseph Bouvier, 5 May 1854 - Index

Individual Note:
Négociant à Lyon

Individual Notes

Note for: Marie-France Picker, 2 Mar 1939 - 10 Jul 2008 Index

Individual Note:
Potiére

Individual Notes

Note for: Jean-François Queyras, 31 May 1933 - Index

Individual Note:
Potier

Individual Notes

Note for: Pierre-Olivier Queyras, 17 Nov 1964 - Index

Individual Note:
Violoniste

Individual Notes

Note for: Jean-Guihen Queyras, 11 Mar 1967 - Index

Individual Note:
Violoncelliste

Individual Notes

Note for: Véronique Marin, 12 Dec 1962 - Index

Individual Note:
Violoncelliste

Individual Notes

Note for: Gesine Meyer-Eggen, 8 May 1969 - Index

Individual Note:
Violoncelliste

Individual Notes

Note for: Theodore Frelinghuysen Dr. Linde, 20 Aug 1844 - 1940 Index

Individual Note:
               1 _ELEC
          2 DATE 1879
          2 PLAC Mayor Hot springs, AR
          1 _ELEC
          2 DATE 1883
          2 PLAC Mayor Hot springs, AR
          1 _DEG
          2 DATE 1868
          2 PLAC Rio deJaneiro, Fed. Univ. Medical
          1 _MILT
          2 DATE BET 5 MAR 1862 AND 4 MAY 1865
          2 PLAC Confederate Army units
          1 ARVL
          2 DATE 29 JUL 1867
          2 PLAC New York, New York
          2 SOUR S24305
          3 DATA
          4 TEXT Online publication - Ancestry.com. New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2006.Original data -

Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820-1897; (National Archives Microfilm Publication M237, 675 rolls); Records of the U.S. Customs Service, Record Group 36; National Archives, Washington, D.C.

Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1897-1957; (National Archives Microfilm Publication T715, 8892 rolls); Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service; National Archives, Washington, D.C..
          1 DPRT
          2 PLAC Rio DE Janeiro, Brazil
          2 SOUR S24305
          3 DATA
          4 TEXT Online publication - Ancestry.com. New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2006.Original data -

Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1897-1957; (National Archives Microfilm Publication T715, 8892 rolls); Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service; National Archives, Washington, D.C..
          1 _MDCL He was treated for a week before death. Secondary cause was broncho-pneumonia.

The “Encyclopedia of the New West”, published in Marshall, Texas in 1881, by the United States Biographical Publishing Company, William S. Speer, Managing Editor and John Henry Brown, Revising Editor, covering the States of Texas, Arkansas, Colorado and New Mexico, as well as Indian Territory, includes an Arkansas biography of “Dr. Theodore F. Linde” of “Hot Springs”, with the subject himself likely having been the primary source. This article seems to be the source of much later reporting on Theodore, reported in these notes, before this article was found in June, 2007. Here next is the article in its entirety.

[quote from preface of book]

"Theodore Freilinghuysen Linde was born in Memphis, Tennessee, August 20, 1845. He is of German-French extraction. His grandfather, Albert Linde, lived and died in Saxe-Weismar [sic] Germany. His father, F. Albert Linde, was born in Saxe-Weismar [sic]; was a gunsmith by profession, one of the earliest settlers of Memphis, and at one time one of its wealthiest citizens; educated in his native place, he was noted for his intelligence, refinement and politeness; through his fondness for hunting, he became familiar with the business of gun smithing; was an advanced Odd Fellow and belonged to the Masons; in 1855 his jewelry and gun store was robbed of $20,000, and subsequent misfortunes absorbed all his property, so that he left his family in very reduced circumstances. Felicite Perrine Saubert, the mother of T. F. Linde, was the daughter of Felix Saubert, a French physician, and was born in A[a?]gen, the garden spot of France. She was highly accomplished, spoke five languages and accompanied the harp, guitar or piano, on each of which she was a most skilled performer, with a voice that rivaled in sweetness and melody some of the most gifted artists of the stage. Her mother dying when she was quite young, and she being an only child, she accompanied her father on his travels over Europe and parts of Asia, and was making with him a tour of America, when he died at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1836. She returned to New York, where she was afterwards married. She was a woman of the most gentle manners and amiable disposition, a devout Catholic and practical Christian. She died at Nashville, Tennessee in 1848, leaving three children, Felix Albert, Theodore F., and E. F. Rector, wife of Ex-Governor Rector. Felix Albert, brother of Theodore, died at Memphis, Tennessee, in 1861, while serving as Assistant quartermaster in the Confederate army.
       T. F. Linde was educated at St. Joseph’s College, Somerset, Perry County, Ohio. After leaving school, he returned to his home in Memphis, but engaged in no business except that of clerking in his father’s store for a time. When the war began, he ran away from home, and at the age of fifteen entered the Confederate army. He volunteered in the Walker Guards of Wheat’s Louisiana Battalion. The Tiger Rifles of the same state were recruited by his assistance, and he served during the war in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama and Kentucky, under Generals Beauregard, A. S. Johnston, Jackson and Forrest, and took part in the battles of Shiloh, Farmington, Corinth, Moscow, Fort Pillow, Centerville, Selma and Memphis. He was a member of Company E, Crescent Regiment, Louisiana volunteers, and Bluff City Grays of Memphis. At the latter place he was taken prisoner and kept in the Irving Block prison three months. For nearly four years he remained in the army.
       At the close of the war he studied dentistry at Memphis, and for two years practiced his profession in that city. But he was imbued with a spirit of adventure, and thinking that Brazil offered a wider and better field for acquiring reputation and amassing wealth, he, in March, 1867, emigrated and settled in Rio Janeiro [sic] to pursue his procession. After a few months residence in that city, he went to New York city, where he lived several months. Leaving New York, he went to Galveston during the prevalence of yellow fever, and thence to Bryan, Texas. At the latter place he practiced dentistry for eight months, and both by his skill in his chosen avocation and the care he bestowed upon those suffering from yellow fever, he made many warm friends. While residing at Bryan he fought a duel, in which, after exchanging five shots, he disarmed his adversary and gave him his life. From Bryan he returned to Memphis, assisted his father in business and continued his profession. In June, 1869, he moved to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where he lived over four years. During his residence there an incident occurred that brought out one of the prominent characteristics of the man. Some young men attempted to deter a lecturer from speaking, when Dr. Linde appeared, pushed the assailants aside and drove them from the hall. The men went down town, armed themselves with ax-helves and returned to fight the Doctor. He met them boldly and offered to fight them one at a time until he or the crowd was annihilated. The proposition did not suit them, but the lecturer completed his address. In October, 1873, Dr. Linde settled at Hot Springs, Arkansas, where he has ever since resided.
       Since his residence at Hot Springs, a gentleman named Dr. Lynn was assassinated. The Memphis and other papers, confounding the two names, published notices of Dr. Linde’s death, with especially fine obituary comments on his life. He was thus fortunate, through these ante mortem obituaries, in being able to read the complimentary opinions of his friends.
       He is not a member of any secret order. He is a conservative Democrat, liberal and progressive, yet a strict, staunch party man. In 1874, he founded the Hot Springs Daily Telegraph, the only Democratic paper that was ever able to maintain itself there, the town being Republican. He was three times elected mayor of the city, and during his administration made himself a terror to evil-doers. The peace and order of the place were restored, thieves, thugs, housebreakers and robbers were driven from it, and visitors no longer came to the Springs in dread of their lives, or of burglars and pick pockets. In 1880 he was an alternate delegate to the National Democratic convention at Cincinnati as a Tilden man. He has not generally canvassed the country, but has made occasional political speeches for his party.
       August 20, 1869, at Fort Smith, Arkansas Dr. Linde married Miss Mary Elizabeth Mayer [sic], daughter of Dr. M. Mayer, a Marylander. She was born in Fort Smith August 13, 1852. Her father was engaged in the drug business there, but is now living in Paris, Texas. Her mother is of French descent. When the marriage ceremony that was to unite Dr. Linde and Miss Mayer was being pronounced, and the clergyman had proceeded as far as “wilt thou love, honor, cherish and obey”, the spirited bride refused to take the obligation to “obey” and seemed inclined to resent it; but recovering herself, she gave her assent and the ceremony proceeded to the close.
      By this marriage Dr. Linde has three children: Albert Rector, born July 13, 1870, Theodora Flora, Born August 1, 1872, and Annie Taylor, born April 9, 1876 - the first two at Fort Smith, the last at Hot Springs.
      Mrs. Linde is a communicant of the Episcopal church, but her husband, who is more inclined to Catholicism than anything else, has never united with any religious body. Possessing elegant taste, and fond of system and order, he has always the appearance of a busy business man. Neat in his person, systematic in his work, attentive to his business, moral in his walk and cheerful in his disposition, he has made hundreds of friends in Hot Springs who respect and love to honor him."

The census of Theodore F. Linde's father's household in Memphis, Tennessee, dated August 17, 1850, lists " Theo" as age 5, which would indicate birth year of 1844 or 1845, depending on the actual day of August on which he was born. The Directory of Deceased American Physicians, published by the American Medical Association, lists his birth year as 1845. The 1845 year of birth is also compatible with the Speer article, and with his census enumerations in 1870, 1880 and 1900, though inconsistent with the apparently erroneous birth year of 1843 given in his death certificate.

The Middle name of Theodore did not seem to have been noted or published in any source. Materials often referred to him as T. F. or Theodore F, but then in 2006, the book "Hot Springs Gunsmoke" was published by the local historical society in Arkansas, and the author cited the Speer article, which gave the full name.

Most likely Theodore was named Theodore Frelinghuysen after the "Christian statesman" of the same name, part of a line of New Jersey office holders, who had himself been a New Jersey Attorney General and a U.S. Senator. The year beforeT.F. was born and given his name, Theodore Frelinghuysen was the Vice Presidential Candidate on the Whig Party ticket with Henry Clay running for President. That close 1844 election was won by the Democrat, James K. Polk. Polk was from Tennessee, but apparently the political leaning of the Linde family and of the majority of Tennessee voters was not Democratic, since Polk failed to carry his home State. A big issue in the election had been whether to admit Texas to the Union as a State. Polk was srongly in favor, while Clay equivocated. In 1845, the year T. F. was born, Texas was admitted to the Union as the 28th State.

Theodore.'s mother died in 1848, before his third birthday. Theodore had been the last of three children. His father apparently did not remarry. The children may have all have received good educations. Information has not been obtained on the schooling of the oldest, Albert, but his rank as a Confederate Major and his service as a quartermaster, would indicate he was fairly well educated. The daughter, Ernestine Flora was well educated and served as governess to the widowed State Governor's children before becoming his wife.

St. Joseph's college in Ohio, where the Speer book says Theodore was educated. Was a boarding school run by the Dominican oreder of Catholics. The website of St. Joseph's Parish in Somerset, Ohio contains this historical information from around the time Theodore would have been a student there. "The next provincial, Charles Pius Montgomery, began construction of the third church on the 4th of July, 1839, but it was not blessed until Saint Dominic's day, 1843. This Gothic marvel, with its celestial spire reaching a height of 160 feet, was a grand and uplifting spectacle. While in Cuba, Joseph Sadoc Alemany, O.P. obtained the Crucifix that hangs over the altar to this day." "A new priory was completed in 1849. By the end of the next year, the old priory accommodated boys who had come for schooling. An actual college was built between 1853-54, measuring 120 x 50 x 50 feet. Enrollment peaked at 90 students. Through the generosity of a Dominican Bishop, Francis Joseph O'Finan, it acquired a library of 2000 volumes. Classes ran from September to July." "Unfortunately, rising debt, a shortage of teachers and the Civil War forced the college to close in 1861, yet some of its graduates rose to the rank of general." "Then in 1879, the college was dismantled to provide materials for a larger priory that was dedicated in 1882". Union General Phillip Sheridan, 14 years Theodore's senior, grew up in the small town of Somerset Ohio. He left for West Point in 1848, two years before St. Joseph College opened. Somerset, in sparsely populated Perry County, has a statue of Sheridan on a horse and also boasts his boyhood home. Sheridan's Civil War service was in the east, not in any battles in which Theodore was to later take part.

Since St. Joseph school opened around the time Theodore turned 5, he could have started at that early age. He could have stayed there almost until the school closed, around the time he turned 15, though he probably left a little earlier because of the uncertainties surrounding possible civil war. The Speer book says Theodore spent some time clerking in his father's store after leaving school. Spending so much of his formative years at a Catholic boarding school, and never having known a mother, must have profoundly influenced Theodore's life. There are indications that his relationship with his father, and perhaps with his siblings, was not particularly good, which is not surprising considering he probably grew up quite isolated from them.

As the prospects of civil war were becoming reality, Theodore's brother, who was about 8 years older, obtained a quatermaster commission in the Confederate Army. In February, 1860, before Theodore turned 15, his sister married Arkansas Governor Rector. Returning home around that time to live with a father he hardly knew and to work for him at what to Theodore must have been a very boring clerk job, especially with civil war brewing. The times in general were disruptive and the family in particular was splintered, so perhaps it is not surprising than none of the Linde men have been found on the 1860 census. Obviously Theodore and his father had different ideas of what the young man should do with his life, because Theodore ran away from home to join the Confederate army.

The surviving military records of the Confederacy are notably deficient. Some may have been poorly maintained at that time, a problem compounded by continual manpower and unit shifts as the war worsened for the South and troop numbers dwindled due to casualties. Some may not have been well preserved through the years, particularly since the South was the loser in the war. The documents of Theodore's service in the National Archives are typically sparse, but in the Speer book, Theodore provides more clues.

A search for military records through the National Archives found a Muster Roll dated March 5, 1862, which indicates that T. F. was enlisted by Lt. Col. T. E. Adams at New Orleans on March 5, 1862, when he was about 16 1/2 years old, as a private in Captain M. A. Tarleton's Co. (Twiggs Guards) Crescent Regiment of the Louisiana Militia for a period of 90 days. That Company later became Company E of the Crescent Regiment Louisiana Infantry and a Muster Roll for that successor Company for May and June, 1862, shows he was enlisted by Captain Tarleton, was never paid and was absent sick. The illness is not surprising since camp diseases such as measles and dysentery commonly affected one quarter to one third of the men.

But the Speer book indicates Theodore enlisted even earlier, probably before his 16th birthday in August, 1861. As an underage runaway, he would have had to lie about his age. The average age for Confederate enlistees was a mature 26. Perhaps Theodore looked older than his years, and he certainly would have acted so. In the Speer book, Theodore says he joined the Walker Guards and helped recruit the Tiger Rifles. This would have put him in New Orleans probably earlier in 1861 or even back into 1860, when these colorful units were being formed. The Internet provides some description set out below of the raising of these units, in which Theodore may very well have been involved.

Chatham Roberdeau Wheat, born on April 9, 1826, in Alexandria, Va., studied law at the University of Nashville and then served in the 1st Tennessee Cavalry as a lieutenant during the Mexican War. After the war, he moved to New Orleans, where he began his career as a filibuster--or mercenary--participating in several expeditions to Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua and Italy, and rising to the rank of general in both the Mexican and Italian armies.

In 1861, when his native South declared its independence, Wheat rushed to New Orleans to raise a regiment to defend the newly proclaimed Confederate States of America. Re-establishing his old recruiting station at 64 St. Charles Street, near the docks, he attracted three already forming companies, Captain Robert Harris' "Walker Guards," Captain Alexander White's "Tiger Rifles" and Captain Henry Gardner's "Delta Rangers," to his banner and formed a fourth on his own, the "Old Dominion Guards." The men of these companies were largely Irish immigrant dockworkers or ship hands who inhabited the southern edge of the city, near the Mississippi River. One observer expressed a widely held view that they were the "lowest scum of the lower Mississippi...adventurous wharf rats, thieves, and outcasts...and bad characters generally."

At least some of the men, especially those in Harris' Walker Guards, were also former filibusters who had served with Wheat in Nicaragua back in 1857. They mustered into service in their old filibuster uniforms--off-white cotton drill trousers, white canvas leggings, red flannel battle shirts and broad-brimmed, low-crowned straw hats. Once enlisted, the men also wrote provocative slogans--such as "Lincoln's Life or a Tiger's Death," "Tiger by Nature" or "Tiger in Search of Abe"--on their hat bands.

Wheat next worked on outfitting his nascent command in the Zouave fashion. Zouaves were originally Algerian units that served in the French army and were considered among the elite fighting forces in the world. The Algerians wore their traditional, flamboyant uniforms during their French service, inspiring a sartorial style that was duplicated by Northern and Southern regiments during the Civil War. To uniform his Tigers as Zouaves, Wheat enlisted the support of A. Keene Richards, a wealthy New Orleans businessman and one of Wheat's former filibuster financiers. The men were issued red wool fezzes with blue tassels; loose-fitting red woolen, placketed battle shirts; red woolen sashes; dark-blue wool, waist-length Zouave jackets with red trim; blue-and-white striped sailor's socks; blue-and-white striped cotton pantaloons cut in the baggy Zouave fashion; white canvas leggings and black leather grieves. Wheat uniformed himself in a dark-blue, double-breasted frock coat and trousers and looked much like a field grade officer in the U.S. Army. He also sported a buff general's sash to commemorate his filibuster commission in the Mexican and Italian armies. For headgear, he wore a red, French-style kepi bedecked with gold lace to denote his rank.

By early April 1861, all the New Orleans units that intended to volunteer for Confederate service gathered at the Metairie racetrack, two miles northwest of the waterfront. There, Wheat's men were issued Model 1841 "Mississippi" rifles that had been seized from the U.S. arsenal at Baton Rouge in January 1861 and large bowie-style knives. With their new weapons and accouterments, mostly Mexican War surplus, the Tigers were quickly introduced to military drill and discipline by Wheat. Once drill was over, the Tigers drank, played cards or fought, often disrupting camp.

On May 13, Wheat was ordered to move his rowdy companies to Camp Moore, in northern Louisiana. Wheat hoped to attract four more companies to his command to form a full regiment, but he was unsuccessful. His rough Zouaves actually repelled potential allies. One man wrote of Wheat's Tigers: "I got my first glimpse at Wheat's Battalion from New Orleans. They were all Irish and were dressed in Zouave dress, and were familiarly known as Louisiana Tigers, and tigers they were too in human form. I was actually afraid of them, afraid I would meet them somewhere in camp and that they would do to me like they did to Tom Lane of my company; knock me down and stamp me half to death."

Wheat was forced to stand by while seven other men with less military experience were commissioned colonels and their assembled companies were mobilized into Confederate service in regiments. Spurred to desperate action, he decided to make a deal with state officials to commission him a major and to recognize his four companies temporarily as the 1st Louisiana Special Battalion. With his status thus secured, Wheat hoped to attract four or five more companies and become the colonel of the soon-to-be organized 8th Louisiana Regiment. In the political wrangling that followed, Henry Kelly, not Wheat, became commander of the 8th Louisiana. With Kelly's ascension, Captain J.W. Buhoup's company of Catahoula Guerrillas voted to leave Kelly's command and throw in their lot with Wheat's special battalion. Unlike the rest of the battalion, the Catahoula Guerrillas consisted of sons of wealthy planters, doctors and lawyers from Catahoula Parish in northern Louisiana. Outfitted in dark-gray battle shirts and blue kepis, they were complete social opposites from Wheat's New Orleans dockworkers.

By June 6, Wheat felt that he could no longer wait for regimental command. He resolved to take the five companies that he had, about 415 men total, muster them into Confederate service and head for Virginia. In so doing, he gave up his bid to form a regiment from his special battalion, and his unit was officially named the 2nd Louisiana Battalion by state officials. To the officers and men of the battalion, however, they would always be known as the 1st Louisiana Special Battalion, or simply as Wheat's Tigers.

How much of this Wheat scenario Theodore was involved in is not known for sure. But three months before Wheat and his men headed for Virginia in June of 1862, Theodore had already enlisted in the Crescent Regiment. The Crescent Regiment comprised 700 men under Col. Marshall J. Smith, and was a part of Pond's Brigade, Ruggle's Division, 2nd Corps, the Army of the Mississippi. The Crescent had been formed in May, 1861. Starting in February, 1862, the Confederates had begun to incur defeats on the western front and New Orleans had been preparing for siege.

In the Speer book Theodore said he fought in the battle of Shiloh. This early major battle on the western front took place over a few days in April, 1862. General Albert SidneyJohnston was overall commander of the Confederate Army of the Mississippi and was a fatality of the War on the first day of the Battle of Shiloh, being succeeded by Gen. Beauregard. The Crescent Regiment was involved in the Battle of Shiloh, which was a Union victory. A Union 3rd Division report on the battle says that the firing was grand and terrible as they drove the rebels back through the woods with the Crescent Regiment of New Orleans before them at one point. Another history source indicates the Crescent lost 23 killed, 84 wounded and 20 missing at Shiloh.

The Speer biography says Theodore fought at Farmington. There were two Farmington battles, one in Mississippi and one in Tennessee. The Mississippi one fits in chronologically better for Theodore because it was only a month after Shiloh, whereas the Tennessee battle was a year and a half later. In the Speer book, Theodore's battles appear to be listed chronologically, with Shiloh first and Farmington second. An Internet brief repot on the battle states, " On May 9, [1862] Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn and his Confederate force struck into Maj. Gen. John Pope's advancing line along Seven Mile Creek. The battle was to last for 5 hours. The Confederates were able to drive the Federals away." An Iowa cavalry poem about the battle is at http://www.ellisparkerbutler.info/epb/biblio.asp?id=5110.

The Nara Muster Roll cards indicate that the Crescent Regiment was organized [or re-organized] for 90 days service ending June 3, 1862, at which time it offered to re-enlist for the war but was refused by General Bragg, who on June 30, 1862, ordered the Regiment broken up and assigned to the 18th Regiment Louisiana Infantry. Bragg's order was overruled by the War Department, and the men returned about September 17, 1862, and on October 2, 1862, the Crescent Regiment was re-organized. On November 3, 1863, the cards show, the Crescent Regiment was consolidated with the 16th Battalion Louisiana Infantry (also known as the Confederate Guards Response Battalion) and the 11th Battalion Louisiana Infantry, and the new organization was designated as the Consolidated Crescent Regiment of the Louisiana Infantry. NARA's search did not produce any records on T.F. from the Consolidated unit, and my view of NARA film M320-378, where any record on T. F. in the Consolidated unit should be found, confirmed that there is no record.

An Internet report on Col. Fagan's 1st Ark. around 1862, says, "At Corinth, Colonel Fagan became offended by General Bragg's treatment, which he deemed harsh and unreasonable, and tendered his resignation. He and Colonel Monroe departed for Arkansas on horseback, accompanied by Theodore Linde, a gallant youth and brother-in-law of Governor Rector." The Speer biography says Theodore fought at Corinth.

Pending further research for documentation, the presumption is that T. F. in fact stayed with the Crescent through its subsequent mergers and incorporations, ending up at some point in the Tennessee Cavalry

On October 27, 1862, the Crescent was involved in the battle of Georgia Landing in Louisiana, attempting to resist a Union advance up the Bayou LaFourche. Outnumbered 4,000 to 1,392, the rebels fought resolutely, holding the Union assault to a standstill, until the rebels ran out of artillery ammunition and had to withdraw. Reported casualties were 86 Union and 229 Confederate.

The Crescent Regiment may also have been known at some point as the 24th Louisiana Infantry, and in the summer or November, 1863, the 11th and 12th (also known as Confederate Guards Response) Battalions of Louisiana Infantry merged with it to form the Consolidated Crescent Regiment. The Crescent reportedly served in Mouton's and H. Gray's Brigades.

In April, 1864, the Consolidated Crescent was involved in the Battle of Mansfield, attacking the head of Bank's column troops advancing up the Red River. In this battle, the Crescent saw Col. James H. Beard and Maj. Mercer Canfield killed and Lt. Col. Clack dangerously wounded, while seven standard bearers fell one after another. Could this have been where T. F. ended up "waving the Confederate flag midst shot and shell"?

The Archives search also showed T. F., of Memphis, Tennessee was a private in Company A of the 3rd Tennessee Cavalry, commanded by Nathan Bedford Forrest, and was part of the mass surrender of the Post of Grenada, Mississippi Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Gen. R. Taylor at Citronelle, Alabama, at the end of the War on May 4, 1865. There was nothing in the Archive showing when T. F. became part of the Tennessee Cavalry, but the presumption is that his units transformed during the course of the war until he was incorporated in the cavalry unit. Forrest's Cavalry was organized at Memphis, Tennessee, in October, 1861, as an eight company battalion and then increased to regimental size in January, 1862. It has a very complex history, because over 20 companies from five states were attached to it at one time or another. The unit was attached to three different brigades and served in four different Armies or Departments, having confronted Union troops in Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky and Alabama. The only card found by NARA for T. F. in the Tennessee unit, was the surrender card. There is no film of records for individuals in this unit at NARA, so the only card for T.F. was the surrender card. Further research into the history of these units may give a better guess as to when T. F. became part of the Cavalry.

The Cavalry was used for reconnaisance and flank protection. The southernors were more experienced horsemen, and even poorer men could join, because horse stealing was easy and Forrest practicced it regularly. Forrest was the only succesful Confederate General who was from the West. Forrest pioneered dismounted fighting by cavalry. The main weapons they used were breech loading carbines, but because in short supply in the south, shotguns might be substitued. Many had pistols also. Sabers were quickly becoming only ceremonial.

During 1862, Forrest often raided the Union supply railroad that was being built into Tennessee, and was particularly successful in December, when with 2,100 men, of which he lost only 500, he cut Grant's railroad and telegraph lines along a sixty mile stretch, killing, wounding or capturing 2,000 Union troops and 10,000 rifles. By 1863, Union cavalry had seven shot repeating carbines which gave them that edge over the Confederates. During the summer of 1863, Forrest led several raids against Northern communications as the Confeedrates were being forced to retreat from Tennessee.

On April 12, 1864, Forrest captured Fort Pillow in Tennessee, defended by a force of almost as many black Union soldiers as white. The blacks were killed in disproportionate numbers, prompting charges of a racially motivated massacre. The charges were inconclusively investigated and Forrrest was reported to have said the high number of black deaths proved "that Negro soldiers cannot cope with Southernors". His cavalry routed a force twice its size at Brice's crossroads on June 10, prompting Union General Sherman to fear he would again disrupt the railroad in Tennessee, and to order two divisions plus cavalry to "follow Forrest to the death, if it costs 10,000 lives and breaks the Tresury". "There never will be peace in Tennessee till Forrest is dead", Sherman said. Nevertheless, Forrest continued to cause havoc in Union occupied territory from northeast Alabama to western Tennessee.

After Sherman took Atlanta and while he was planning his march to the sea, Forrest and others tried to draw him in the other direction, but Sherman resisted and sent other forces after "the whole batch of devils... turned loose without home or habitation." Sherman proceeded with his march to the sea. As the War was winding to a close, The Union army took Mobile, Alabama, and a 27 year old Union cavalry commander, James H. Wilson, led the largest, longest and most destructive cavalry raid of the war, from northwest Alabama to southern Georgia, with 13,000 trooops armed with Spencer seven-shot carbines. Wilson defeated Forrest in six engagements, killed or wounded 1,000 Confederates and captured 6,000. The 500 mile raid wreaked genral havoc and culminated in the capture of the fleeing Confederate President Jefferson Davis on May 10, 1865.

According to a Roll of Prisoners of War, dated May 19, 1865, Private Theodore F. Linde, residence Memphis, Tennessee, had been among detailed men at the Post of Grenada, Mississippi, commander's name not on the card, which men were surrendered at Citronelle, Alabama by Lt. Gen. R. Taylor on May 4, 1865, and paroled, meaning to take an oath not to fight further, at Grenada, Mississippi on May 18th. He was three months shy of his twentieth birthday and had apparently been fighting in the war for three years, both starting and ending as a private.

The month leading up to the surrender involving T. F., was quite eventful. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President, and his cabinet had been forced out of their capital at Richmond, Virginia and were fleeing south to avoid capture. On April 9th, General Lee had surrendered the main forces of the Confederate Army at Appomatox, but Davis wanted to join with the still active Forrest's cavalry and General Taylor in Alabama and go to Texas to unite with forces there to continue the fight. Those military commanders, however, realized it was useless to prolong the lost war and were negotiating to surrender. On April 14th, President Lincoln was assassinated. Federal troops were earnestly seeking Davis and the Cabinet members and effectively blocked their flight west. Davis was captuerd in Georgia three days after General Taylor surrendered.

Nathan Bedford Forrest was 40 at the start of the War, when he enlisted as a private. His competence quickly led to appointment as a Brigadier General in July, 1862, and promotion to Major General in December, 1863. He led the most feared cavalry unit of the South. After the War Forrest was broke, much of his wealth having been in Slave ownership. He used what little wealth he had to aid families of his troops, a purpose he had in mind for the Ku Klux Klan, which he helped form in 1866 in Tennessee. He served as Grand Wizard, but as the Klan began to engage in acts of violence, he ordered it disbanded in 1869; however the Klan had expanded geographically to such an extent that his order was ignored in most areas. He spent his final years urging his folllowers to live in peace with the freed slaves. He died in 1877.

Coz Charlie letter B says in reference to T.F.'s daughter Theodora Flora, "her parents were completely broken by the Yankees when they bombarded Ft. Smith and ruined Grandfather's business to the tune of $100,000.00 and as he said he started from scratch if the government north would restore his credit he could make it again." When she says grandfather, she was speaking of Michael Mayers, who did have a substantial business and had fled to Texas during the War.

The "Gunsmoke " book says, "After the War, Linde studied dentistry and being adventurous opened a practice in Brazil. When that did not work out he returned to the United States, first going to New York, then Galveston and Bryan, Texas, then Fort Smith, Arkansas, and finally Hot Springs, arriving in October, 1873."

A passenger list for the Brig Delphin, arrival date at New York, 29 July 1867, from Rio de Janeiro, shows 2 American passengers, one a 60 year old man, and the other, "F. Linde", age 22, occupation Doctor. The Directory of Deceased American Physicians, published by the American Medical Association, indicates Theodore F. Linde's medical school as Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicia, Rio de Janeiro, 1868, and gives his birth year as 1845, and says he practiced as an Allopath (like a Homeopath), licensed in Illinois in 1911 (which would have been right after death of his second wife). A Danish Brig Delphin is shown on a list of ship arrivals at New Orleans, from Rio, in 1847.

T. F. Linde married Mary Elizabeth Mayers at Fort Smith, Arkansas on August 20, 1869. Charlie Rogers Reha wrote in a letter in 1968 [letter A] that this wedding was quite fancy and the Groomsman was Congressman Rogers, a Confederate. The groom was shown as age 24 and the bride as age 17 on the marriage Certificate filed with Sebastian County. A certified copy of the marriage certificate, though it misspells her surname as Meyers, confirms the date and place of marriage at the City of Fort Smith, where they both resided and their ages, and states, "The verbal consent of the Bride's father having been previously obtained". Reverend J. Sandels, who did not execute the Certificate until the 2nd of October, stated he used "the 'Form of Solemnization of Matrimony' set forth by the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America." The handwritten certificate, which may have been dictated by Sandels and written by the County Clerk, whose handwritten certificate of filing seems to be in the same hand as the certificate, said he "pronounced them to be husband and wife", but the word husband was stricken out and the word man written above it.

The 1870 census, dated June 14, 1870, reports Theo F. Linde in Sebastian County, Arkansas, Upper TWP, page 192. He was a 24 year old dentist born in Tennessee of 2 foreign born parents, owning $300 in real estate and $200 in personal estate, with wife, M.L. Linde, age 17, keeping house, born in Arkansas of a foreign born mother. The household also included Louisa Roberts, a 19 year old white female domestic servant born in Tennessee. The last column of the census indicating right to vote being abridged for some grounds other than rebellion or other crime is marked, and on the same page some males are marked in that column and some are not marked.

The book, History of the Arkansas Press for a Hundred Years and More, dated 1922, by Frederick William Allsopp, says "The Daily and Weekly Telegraph was started in the fall of 1874, by J. L. Bowers and Dr. T. F. Linde." The book indicates that after a few months Henry M. Rector, son of the governor to be, took over the paper.

The best evidence is that Albert Linde, the father, died in Memphis in 1870. The Hot Springs directory of 1876 lists T.F. as a dentist residing at Linde Avenue, and also lists one other Linde, Albert R., without mention of any occupation, who boards at Linde Avenue. This would not likely have been listing the son of T.F., age 6, since all the other listees seem to be adult males with occupations listed, so could it have been referring to the father, who would have been about age 63 at that time and possibly retired (but was his middle initial also an R)? It is also possible this listing could be referring to T.F.'s older brother. Albert, if he was in fact still living at that time, which seems unlikely in view of the absence of any mentions of him in any sources after the War and in view of a likely 1861 death record and funeral notice match for him.

May 27, 1981 letter from Gerry May says a Memphis newspaper clipping, which she was not able to locate, had said T.F. Linde was a dentist prior to moving to Hot Springs. He reportedly moved from Ft. Smith to Hot Springs in 1873, and by 1874 he was involved in starting the Daily and Weekly Telegraph newspaper there, so the clipping would have been after that date.

Hot Springs is located at the eastern edge of the Ouachita Mountains. The Springs were well known at the time of the Louisiana Purchase, having been visited by deSoto in 1541, and President Jefferson had them explored and analyzed in 1804, the year after the Purchase. The 47 thermnal springs were set aside for the Federal government in 1832, and their ownershp was litigated for the next forty years, until the government prevailed. The town was incorporated in 1876.

The Garland County, Arkansas1880 census shows: T.F. Linde, age 34, born in Tennessee, of a father born in Germany and a mother born in France, and his occupation was Dentist; Mary E. Linde, keeping house, father born in Maryland and mother in France (which should have been Switzerland, so this perhaps indicates Mary is not the one who gave the response); three children all born in Arkansas, Albert R., age 9, Theodora F., age 7, and Annie T., age 4; and no other household members. One Margaret Mockwitz note indicates there might have been a child, Robert Linde, but there is no other support for this, and it appears to have been made in reference to a 1972 letter to Margaret from Inez Cline, who was preparing a township history and had misread the name of Albert R. Linde as Robert R. Linde.

The 1880 Garland County, Arkansas US Census mortality table shows a one month old child, Ernestine Linde, born in Arkansas February, 1880, and died that month, with a Tennessee born father and an Arkansas born mother, attending physician Dr. A. K. Taylor, cause of death not legible. This is likely the child of T. F. and Mary, and her death could well have been a contributing factor to strains in their marriage.

Coz Charlie letter D says, "Grandma Mayers [Marie Louise Perey Mayers] mortgaged her inheritance in Ft. Smith ARK and redeemed an election debt of Dr. Linde. Money was tight and she borrowed at 19c on the $ but saved beautiful Linde Hill...." T.F. was elected Mayor in 1879 and in 1883, so debt could have been in connection with these elections, but what property in Fort Smith would have been "her inheritance"? She came into inheritance through her mother by 1850, and may have used it to buy Ft. Smith property, which may have been still in her name 30 years later.

Per The Record 1973 yearbook of Garland County Historical Society, at page 63, T. F. Linde as Mayor during times of shootings called for volunteers to maintain order, but counselled moderation. Per The Record 1993 yearbook of Garland County Historical Society, at page 36, T. F. Linde was involved in shooting three people in Hot Springs in November, 1877. Per The Record 1997 yearbook of Garland County Historical Society, page 96, T.F. Linde was involved in an 1878 campaign to provide hot bath house usage to indigents.

Per The Record 1972 yearbook of Garland County Historical Society, township history following up on 1880 census of Mill Township, Dr. Linde is listed in 1876-7 City Directory as a dentist with office "Valley Ave. Center", which by 1972 was called Central Ave, and his home was listed as on "Lindi Avenue", though a copy of the directory in the 1999 Record says Linde Avenue. The 1972 article also says this old Directory shows some Lendi and Lindi entries but they are not in the 1999 reproduction. The 1972 article recounts some stories about Jay Gould and Dr. Linde and about Dr. Linde fining himself $10.00 for public intoxication.

Coz Charlie in letter A, referring to T.F., says," his aunt I understand edited the main newspaper..." If there were such an aunt, she would have either been the sister of his father or of his mother [Louise Perey Shaw], or she could have been the wife of a brother of T.F.'s father or mother. Per The Record 1992 yearbook of Garland County Historical Society, at page 80, The Daily and Weekly Telegraph was started in the fall of 1874 by J.L. Bowers and Dr. T.F. Linde, and Dr. Rector, the son of the ex-governor became its editor and publisher and continued as such until about 1878. There were five other men editors before Dr. Linde sold the paper in 1880. The article also states that a paper called the Excursionist was started at Hot Springs in 1883 by F. T. Linde, which is likely a misprint of T.F. Linde. These two newspaper references are confirmed by the book, "History of the Arkansas Press", or else the book may be the source of the references.

T. F. and Mary were apparently divorced around 1884, probably in Garland County, Arkansas, or perhaps in Illinois. In letter B, Charlie says T.F.'s sister said he was hard for anyone to live with and his daughter Annie inherited his disposition, and son Albert had to sell papers to support his mother. Charlie also says that Albert was born in Ft. Smith and maybe in a stable like the saviour as that is what T.F. wanted. Divorce was not that uncommon at this time in U. S. history. It has been reported that almost 90,000 divorces were granted in the U. S. between 1877 and 1881.

Capt. Robert Ayres supposedly came from Chicago area per Gerry May. (Is that why T.F. Linde moved to Chicago area later on, to be near his brother-in-law and sister-in-law Ayres?) Margaret Mockwitz notes say her husband was told by Theodora Flora Linde, his grandmother, that T.F. Linde left Mary Mayers and moved to Chicago and operated a real estate business. Further research into Ayres indicates he was from NY/PA area and divorced out of family in 1880, though son Frank Ayres did end up in Chicago.

The Allsopp book on Arkansas newspapers says, "The Excursionist was started at Hot Springs in 1883 by F. T. [sic] Linde. It has been discontinued."

According to their 1900 census response, T. F. and Emma Oskamp, ten years his junior, were probably married in 1885, perhaps not in Illinois as I could not find their marriage in the online Illinois marriage database from the Illinois State Archives in December, 2005.

T. F. was engaged in the real estate business in Chicago, according to his business card borrowed and copied from Lillian Culver Watson, apparently at or next to the family home, since the business address on the card and in the picture of the office on the back of the card is 2178 W. 12th St., corner 41st Ave. The card says, "Real Estate, Renting, Loans and Insurance" , "houses, stores and cottages built on easy payments", "money loaned to build" and "paying investments in all parts of the city". Telephone was Canal 431 and the card says "Hold Wire", perhaps meaning do not send telegrams. The picture shows a large sign painted on the roof, "Cheap Lots". The picture is not dated, but shows T. F., two women who could be Emma and Theodora, if taken around 1906 or 1907, and a young boy who appears to be five or six. Could an examination of the 1910 census shed light on who the lad might be?

According to the information contained in their death certificates, T. F. and Emma both lived at 4107 W. 12th St. in Chicago, Illinois at the time of their deaths, and probably since 1897. Emma had been in the State and city since about 1884, according to the information T. F. provided for her certificate on her death December 5, 1910. The information for T. F.'s certificate on his death January 8, 1917, was provided by Berdie Linde of the home address, so that was probably their 25 year old daughter,Theodora, using a nickname, and the biographical information she provided is only partially correct. She is correct in saying he was born in Tennessee and his father in Germany, probably correct in saying he was retired and his birth month and day was August 20, but not correct in saying his mother was born in Germany, his birth year was 1843 and he had lived in Illinois for 35 years.

Bob Mockwitz recalls hearing from his grandfather about T.F. coming to visit in Kennydale, Washington in 1920's and wearing a sidearm. Bob says he never met T.F. or Mary Mayers Linde. Subsequent documentation of death date of T.F. shows if he did come to Kennydale, it would have been before his death in 1917 and probably after his second wife died in 1910. His first daughter, Theodora, had married George Mockwitz who was involved in real estate sales in Kennydale, so perhaps T. F. came to visit and check out the real estate situation.

A biographical note on T.F. Linde (from Inez Cline?) says "Dr. Linde died in Chicago, his wife or widow there in 1902." T.F. did die in Chicago and so did his second wife, but their deaths were well after 1902, and first wife Mary, died in California in 1934. Per The Record, 1972 Yearbook of Garland County Historical Society, article by Inez Cline, page 188, T.F. Linde's "wife (or widow) was in Chicago in 1902, as evidenced by a letter from her to her sister in Hot Springs." Inez Cline 1974 letter to Margaret Mockwitz says an old letter signed "Mary E. Linde" puts her in Chicago in 1902. If there was such a letter, Mary would have probably just been visiting, since she and T.F. were already divorced and he was remarried.

A photograph borrowed and copied from Lillian Culver Watson, taken by a photographic studio in Chicago, appears to be Annie Linde at perhaps ten or eleven years of age, and is presented on the back "to Grandma from Annie", and seems to have been taken perhaps on a visit to her father in Chicago in about 1886 or 1887, and then sent to Grandma Marie Perey Mayers.

The 1900 Illinois census shows the T.F. Linde home on West 12th Street in Chicago, owned free and clear by T. F., age 54, born in Tennessee August, 1845, of a German father and French mother, working as a real estate agent with no unemployment, and married 15 years; with wife, Emma E., born March 1857, in Ohio of a German father and Ohio mother, and with same employment information as her husband; and with a daughter, Theodora, age 8, having attended school, reportedly born in New York, September, 1891, and with the birth places of her parents being the only ones left blank on the page; and a 10 year old nephew, Juba Rapley, having attended school, born in Arkansas as were his parents. The Rapley family was related through Mary Mayers, one of whose sisters married a Rapley. It is interesting that Juba was with T.F., since their relationship was actually through T.F.'s first wife, from whom T.F. was divorced around 1884. This census says Emma is the mother of only one child, who is living.

The 1900 Chicago household, per the census, also included two American born male boarders, Charles Sawyer, age 62, no occupation shown, and Mr. Saunders, a 58 year old attorney, and a 34 year old married Irish servant, who came to America in 1888. Another Irish immigrant family lived in the household, headed by 30 year old Mr. Judge, and including his 50 year old mother and a 30 year old female servant, all of whom immigrated within the last five years.

The 1910 Illinois census lists the Linde family in Chicago, reporting the following names, relationships, ages and birth States: Theodore F., 65 Tennessee of German father and French mother; wife Emma E., 52 Ohio of German father and Ohio mother; daughter Theodora, 18 Illinois; son Theodore, 12 Illinois; and daughter Marguerite S., 2 Illinois. The census shows the children all with a Tenessee born father and Ohio mother, the parents married 24 years, T. F and Emma real estate brokers, Theodora a clerk in real estate office, and the family home owned free and clear. The 1910 census shows Emma had three children born to her, all still living.

Son Theodore was not shown on the 1900 census, but perhaps, though only two years old then, was on a visit with the Juba Rapley or other family at that time. It is troubling the 1900 census said Emma only had one child born to her and one child living. The 1910 census showing three children says she had three and all are living, so perhaps the 1900 enumerator forgot to ask that question and later filled in the answer, assuming the one child was all there was. The enumerator also failed to enter the parental birth states of the parents, the only such ommission on the page. Emma would have been about 50 years old at the birth of the third child. The Illinois Archives online database can be checked for birth records. particularly for the youngest child.

Per Illinois Vital Records death certificate, Emma Linde died December 5, 1910, is buried at Mt. Carmel Cemetery and lived in Chicago for 26 years and in her death residence for 23 years. If Emma and T.F. lived in that residence together for those 23 years, that would have started in 1887, which is consistent with a possible marriage around that date and a birth of their daughter four years later. It is also possible that T.F. and Emma married outside of Illinois (their marriage is not in the Illinois database), and then both moved to Illinois together in 1884.

No obituary for Theodore was found in the Ancestry database Historical Newspapers, Birth, Marriage, & Death Announcements, 1851-2003, which includes the Chicago Tribune.

If T. F. applied for a war pension, he probably would have done so in the state where he resided at the time of his application, rather than in Arkansas, where I did not find him in book of pensioners. Because he moved north to Illinois, it is doubtful he ever applied for a pension.